In this era of globalization, national borders are becoming increasingly fluid. A passport is no longer merely a travel document; it now represents an alternative roadmap for life. Bangladesh's political, economic, and social structures stand at a fragile juncture, where the growing trend of dual citizenship introduces a new reality. The loyalty of expatriate Bangladeshis to their motherland is undeniable, and their skills and resources acquired abroad create an incredible opportunity for Bangladesh's development. However, dual citizenship in Bangladesh is no longer just a legal or expatriate connection issue; it has evolved into a multifaceted national debate.
Dual citizenship refers to the status where an individual holds citizenship in two countries simultaneously. This grants the person legal rights, political services, social benefits, and civil liberties from both nations. Such individuals must balance the legal obligations and rights of both countries. According to Article 2(1) of the 1972 Constitution of Bangladesh, dual citizenship was initially not permitted, as the state leaders at the time wanted to maintain a single, undivided national identity. However, in 2008, the government amended the "Bangladesh Citizenship (Amendment) Ordinance," officially recognizing dual citizenship. Under this law, Bangladeshi citizens were allowed to retain their native citizenship while acquiring citizenship in 57 other countries. In 2023, this scope was further expanded by adding 44 more countries, allowing Bangladeshis to pursue dual citizenship in a total of 101 nations.
The primary goal behind this policy shift was to attract investments from expatriates and strengthen the country's economic foundation. Yet, the crucial question today is whether dual citizenship is propelling Bangladesh to new heights or silently pushing it towards a crisis. This issue transcends personal benefits; it raises serious concerns about national identity, trust, and security. According to official records, the number of dual citizens of Bangladeshi origin has surpassed 250,000, with over 34,000 dual citizenship certificates issued directly from Bangladesh.
This growing strength of the Bangladeshi diaspora not only boosts the country's remittance flow but also influences political and social dynamics. Expatriate Bangladeshis remain a major source of foreign currency. Dual citizens contribute to the economy through direct investments, startup funding, and real estate ventures, thereby propelling economic growth. Furthermore, they play a vital role in strengthening Bangladesh's diplomatic relations with their adopted countries.
However, dual citizenship does not only bring promises of prosperity, it also poses critical challenges to national identity, security, and trust. The expansion of dual citizenship is intertwined with national security threats, political instability, power struggles, and socio-economic disparities, all of which could tarnish Bangladesh's global image. Today, Bangladesh stands at a crossroads with dual citizenship. On one side lies the immense potential for development and global connectivity, while on the other lurks the subtle crisis of national identity and security. Bangladesh must adopt a balanced strategy that sustains economic inflow while preserving national security and political stability. A selective citizenship policy could be implemented, where instead of offering dual citizenship to all expatriates, the government could prioritize specific countries, professions, and individuals who can actively contribute to the economy. Moreover, an automated system for identity verification of dual citizens must be established. Modern biometric and digital databases can be used to monitor their identities and movements, making it easier to prevent criminal activities. Strict legal measures are crucial. Dual citizens involved in criminal offenses must face swift justice, including the revocation of their citizenship if necessary. Legal frameworks must clearly outline the duties and responsibilities of dual citizens, ensuring they pay taxes, exercise voting rights, and provide support during national crises. Enjoying benefits should come hand in hand with fulfilling national obligations. Economic planning should be reinforced to channel expatriate investments into special economic zones and funds for startups, technology, and research. This will not only bring in capital but also drive an industrial revolution, pushing Bangladesh further along the path of progress.
Bangladesh now stands on the delicate boundary of dual citizenship and a promise of a new dawn yet a warning of silent peril. It cannot afford to mask this reality under the guise of development alone. The state must build a clear and robust policy framework that distinctly defines the roles of dual citizens, secures national interests, and upholds security. A precise and firm strategy must be adopted by the state, society, and institutions and one that acknowledges both the advantages and risks of dual citizenship and responds accordingly. It is time to address the multidimensional challenges of dual citizenship and turn this opportunity into a bridge for development. Through strict regulations, strategic planning, and transformative initiatives, dual citizenship can become a powerful gateway to economic and political prosperity and helping Bangladesh rise as a distinguished nation on the global stage.
The writer is a student, Department of Economics, Eden Mohila College
